Vale Michael A. Lebowitz (1937-2023)

 I just found out yesterday about the sad news of the passing of Michael A. Lebowitz (November 27, 1937 - April 19, 2023). Lebowitz was incredibly active, both politically and intellectually, throughout his life as a Marxist political economist who was also inspired by Hegel. Anyone who wants to construct a better world in which 'the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all’ (an oft-quoted remark of Marx's by Lebowitz), then turning to his theoretical work, especially all of his books from Beyond Capital to Between Capitalism and Community, is a great way to go. For then you will be provided with not only a critique of capitalism (and its 'hired prizefighters' too - the neoclassical economists!) but also an argument for socialism and how it's to be achieved.

The best epithet to sum up Michael A. Lebowitz's life is the one he used to sum up the life of his partner in Marta Harnecker:

There are those that struggle all of their life.

They are the indispensable ones.

 

(Bertolt Brecht, "In Praise of the Fighters") 

The Scientific Status of Marx's Critique of Political Economy

  I here want to point out briefly how Marx's critique of political economy in Capital is a work of science, albeit, not an exact science.

Firstly, it's a work of science in that it reveals the essence of phenomena (their causal foundations) that lies hidden behind their appearances (the immediately observable features of things). It thus satisfies the principal condition of a scientific realist conception of the central aim of science: to reveal the hidden causal structures of the phenomena of the world which in turn produce their observable features.

However, it's not an exact science in the way that Newton's theory of our solar system and universe is, with its mathematical laws of motion - which in turn can be used to make precise quantitative predictions about various celestial phenomena like the orbits of planets and comets.

This is because Marx's critique of political economy deals with the social phenomenon of a historically specific mode of production called capitalism and not a natural one like our solar system and universe. In short, it deals with a phenomenon comprised of socio-historical contingencies (the rate of unemployment goes up and down depending on certain factors being in place) rather than one which consists of real natural necessities (the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun).

In consequence, it does not deal with a phenomenon which can be described in exact mathematically quantitative 'laws of nature' which in turn state that something will always happen in a precise way and in a precise time, etc., without any exceptions, like the elliptical orbit of any planet about the Sun. At best, it can only derive 'laws of motion' which basically capture and describe the developmental tendencies of the phenomenon of capitalism, like the tendency to economic crises.

We can thus conclude that Marx's critique of political economy in Capital is an inexact science, which is still far superior to the vulgar economics of our times - modern orthodox neoclassical economics - which, as Marx might say, fails to penetrate the appearances of things (and hence fails to be a science according to the central criterion of scientific realism).

A Book about the 'Capital Order'

 There is a book everyone should read by Clara E. Mattie, called The Capital Order. It's all about how austerity in terms of its fiscal, monetary and industrial aspects is part of the 'DNA' of capitalism. That is to say, it's all about how austerity is a necessary structural feature of capitalism - specifically, of the 'capital order' itself (the central social relation of production between capital and wage-labour) - which is both produced by and at the same time helps to maintain and reproduce capitalism as a particular mode of production or, if you like, economic system.

In later blog posts, I shall write extensively about this book. But, for anyone who's interested in understanding advanced capitalism, then this is a book one should read. It will also help you to understand the crucial differences between austerity as a necessary structural component of capitalism and the political-economic project of neoliberalism, of which austerity is an ideological feature.